What's in a Name?

When I was 16 I started work and had to travel out of the area I knew well and catch a bus off to various places in West London. To do this I usually caught a bus to the Elephant, as I previously mentioned on this blog, and then the Bakerloo line up to Charing Cross where I changed onto the District / Circle to Earls Court, South Kensington etc.

Those from a later time might be puzzled and ask, "change at Charing Cross for the district line? But it doesn't go there. don't you mean Embankment? Of course today it doesn't so today they'd be right.

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A few years ago I was watching a old Dr Who film of Dalek Invasion Earth 2163 (I had seen it at the cinema when I was a kid - but let's not go there!) when I saw an anachronism which made me laugh. The "freedom fighters" were hiding in an old wrecked underground station, Embankment, but when the film was made Embankment station didn't exist. ....

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The history of the underground is one which has loads to offer, from innovation, to reuse of assets originally built for a different purpose to sharp business practice and even dare one suggest even darker episodes, (of which more another time), But whatever it was, it certainly wasn't a straightforward well-planned project.

Built by several private companies competing, often to the detriment of each other, as well as the public and their shareholders, the station complex which is now Embankment illustrates the chaos which resulted very well.

The oldest part of the station was opened on 30th May 1870 by the Metropolitan District Railway (now the District line) at the time that the company extended its line between Westminster and Blackfriars in conjunction with the building of the Victoria Embankment. Due to its proximity to the South Eastern Railway's Charing Cross station, the station was called Charing Cross.

So it remained until 1906, (though there were some plans for an express route that never materialised), when the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway (now the Bakerloo Line) opened its deep-level platforms beneath, and at ninety degrees to, the platforms of the Metropolitan District Railway. Though connected to the older station, the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway decided to name its platforms differently, as Embankment.

Then in 1914, the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway (now a part of the Northern line) opened a one stop extension south from its terminus at Charing Cross. This was built to make a better connect between the Baker Street and Waterloo, and Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railways, as both lines were by then owned by the Underground Electric Railways Company of London which operated two separate, and unconnected, stations at the northern end of the Charing Cross mainline station; Trafalgar Square on the Baker Street and Waterloo Railway. and Charing Cross on the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway.

The Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway extension was constructed as a single track tunnel running south from Charing Cross as a loop under the River Thames and back.

For the opening of the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway extension, the deep-level parts of the station were named "Charing Cross (Embankment)" although the sub-surface platforms remained as Charing Cross, but in 1915, this was simplified by changing the name of the whole station to Charing Cross. The Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway station at the northern end of the Charing Cross mainline station was renamed Strand at the same time.

In the 1920s, as part of the construction of what is now the Northern line, the Charing Cross, Euston and Hampstead Railway was extended south to Waterloo and Kennington where it was connected to the City & South London Railway. The loop tunnel under the river was abandoned (although the present northbound Northern line platform follows its course) and two new tunnels were bored south. The new extension was opened on 13 September 1926.

So everything stayed until the Jubilee line came to town. As part of the new construction the two old stations, Trafalgar Square and Strand were to be linked, and new platforms added for the Terminus of the new line. Strand was closed for a long period for the work, then in 1976, shortly after I started work, the old Charing cross became Embankment, so that the merged Strand and Trafalgar Square stations could be named Charing Cross.

So the stations remain today, Embankment, where it belongs on the embankment and Charing Cross under the main line station of the same name.

How did the makers of the Dr Who film predict that in the 1960s?

Monument at the Elephant

When I was child I remember being taken by my Mum and Nan to see the new shopping centre at the Elephant and Castle.

I'm not sure why we went, though I think there was something about going to the Green Shied Stamp shop for something, but while we were there we went up to the floor where the actual Elephant and Castle stood inside in the middle of the cross made by the walkways. In those days it was also not painted, just stone.

Well for us living in Peckham there wasn't much to draw us all the way to the Elephant, probably mainly the aforesaid Green Shield Stamp shop, so I never knew it that well until I stated work, when I used to travel through there regularly to get to Westminster or Whitehall on the bus, or get off and onto the underground to go further afield.

It was then I first really took more notice of the giant silver cuboid in the middle of the roundabout. It was quite impressive, but what was it?

It was years later I found out, first that it was a large power substation and later still that it was in that silver box (rather than buried underground as the one in Leicester Square is) because is also has a second purpose – as a memorial.

However, getting back to my Mum a story she told was of her Headmaster, one Mr Crickmer who with an interest in local history told the kids in Scarsdale Road school, about the local area, including one story about Michael Faraday. So what is his story and why is a sub station on a South London roundabout a memorial to him?

Well Michael Faraday was born nearby in 1791 to a Blacksmith and his wife, but was apprenticed not into that trade, but as a bookbinder. Reading gave him an interest in science and soon he applied to Humphrey Davy (inventor of the Davy Lamp) as an assistant. It was here that he got his scientific education and by 1821 he was experimenting with electromagnetism! Working with Davy and William Hyde Wollaston who had both worked on electrical principles and theory, Faraday, went on to build two devices to produce what he called electromagnetic rotation: a continuous circular motion from the circular magnetic force around a wire and a wire extending into a pool of mercury with a magnet placed inside. This work led eventually both to the Electric Motor and later the dynamo.

Faraday also wrapped two insulated coils of wire around an iron ring, and found that, upon passing a current through one coil, a momentary current was induced in the other coil. This is of course the basis of a transformer, the underlying technology used in power transmission, and therefore in power substations. Faraday's iron ring-coil apparatus is still on display at the Royal Institution.

These brief notes can of course not possibly do justice to this man who was responsible for so much more than just some electrical work, but gives a flavour of why this man's memory is commemorated by of all things a power substation. For more information on Faraday's life click here

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faraday

Back at the memorial it is said that when this twenty three metres wide and six metres tall cuboid was built in 1961 nobody really knew what it was. Well 30 odd years later the same was still true as in June 1995, the Evening Standard ran a story with a picture of the box headlined “But what on earth is it?” and this does make me wonder if actually the plan was to save burying the station and it was only later that someone had the wheeze of calling it a memorial.

However I've also read that its architect, Rodney Gordon, intended his design to embody the visionary credentials of our hero. It was originally to be a box of glass which would allow the public to see the transformer which sits within, but fears of vandalism scuppered this idea and with it the clearest link between Faraday’s work and the modern world, so it was that steel replaced glass as the primary construction material.

In 1996 Blue Peter held a competition for children to design a new lighting scheme for the site and in the same year the structure was given grade II listed status. It even has a long dedication in a series if stone plaques set into the ground in front of it – they read ...

“This Stainless Steel Sculpture commemorates MICHAEL FARADAY(1791 – 1867) English Chemist and Physicist Known For His Research Into Electricity and Magnetism Who Lived Locally”

The cuboid's 728 stainless steel panels have stayed very shiny at least from a distance, so it is a survivor and with its listed status will presumably be included into the redevelopment of the site, though, like the Elephant and Castle statue I originally saw in the middle of Shopping Centre, it might get moved around. After all the elephant stood originally on the top of a pub from which the area got its name, and now stands looking at the Metropolitan Tabernacle and has , in it's time been painted bright horrendous pink!

Faraday also moved around of course, and while born locally, died at his Grace and Favour house at Hampton Court on 25 August 1867.

He had previously turned down burial in Westminster Abbey, but he has a memorial plaque there, near Isaac Newton's tomb, but Faraday was actually interred in the dissenters' (non-Anglican) section of Highgate Cemetery.

So next time you're sitting in traffic around the Elephant roundabout spare a thought for the poor blacksmith's son turned good who's work not only helped start you vehicle it also helps light your home.

Laurie Smith

Angel of the North?

When I was a child in the mid 60s I remember my two elder brothers putting their money together and buying a box of Monopoly. (You can imagine the arguments that caused!) Of course like most annoying younger brothers I wanted to play, and eventually through constant nagging, (I haven’t changed some would say) I got to play at the game; it was my first introduction to many of the famous streets of London.

As I got older I visited most of those streets, as they are fairly central to the capital and I’ve worked there for over 29 years. It was only recently however, that I ended up walking around the Angel, when my job moved to the Angel. So why is the area called the Angel?

Being interested in local history, (as some of you may have guessed from this series), I set out to find the answer, and in the process found that once again an area that has political, industrial and literal connections. First, however let us start where I did; Monopoly arrived in the UK in 1935 when Parker Brothers sent a copy to local games maker Waddingtons. Victor Watson, the head of the company, immediately liked the game but thought, to be a success here, that they would have to replace the American streets and dollars with British roads, stations and pounds. So he sent his secretary, Marjory Phillips, out to collect a list of names. After scouting London for suitable sites the couple met at the Angel’s Lyon Tea House, at One Islington High Street, to discuss the selection.

That tea house is commemorated on the board as The Angel Islington. The tea house was originally an inn near a tollgate on the Great North Road, the original building was rebuilt in 1819 and became a coaching inn; the first staging post outside the City of London. It became a local landmark and was mentioned by Charles Dickens in Oliver Twist: “The coach rattled away and, turning when it reached the Angel at Islington, stopped at length before a neat house in Pentonville”.

A new building, in pale terracotta stone with a corner cupola, replaced the old building in 1899 and from 1921 to 1959 the building was a Lyons Corner House. It is now a Co-operative Bank and stands opposite the Angel Centre. It is said Thomas Paine stayed at the inn after he returned from France in 1790, and it is believed that he wrote passages of the Rights of Man whilst staying there.

More recent famous residents of the Angel area include comic author Douglas Adams, of The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy fame, and Joe Orton, who was murdered by his lover, Kenneth Halliwell, just around the corner in Noel Road. Of course the area is mostly harmless, (“In joke” Ed), but does have a couple of other claims to fame for transport enthusiasts.

The modern but otherwise unremarkable, single line tube station opposite the site of the coaching inn does have the longest escalators of any station on the Underground, (with a vertical rise of 27.4m [90ft] and a length of 60m [197ft]).

Another is the longest canal tunnel in London which passes unnoticed beneath. It was from walking along Islington High St and spotting the Blue Insets in the pavement which today mark the tow path, that I found this out. Islington Tunnel is the major engineering work of the Regent’s Canal and is 886 meters, or 960 yards long; it opened in 1820. Dead straight, it certainly deserves its own story.

So once again those simple questions can lead to interesting trivia and give us a feeling of what parts of London were once like. Now metropolitan, perhaps once a country area just outside London where you could break your journey in a old inn, The Angel, (the original "Angel of the North"? - North of London of course) before heading into the City on business.

Laurie Smith